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Detroit Report‥
DISK BRAKES will completely replace drum brakes in most American cars by 1971.
Disks will be the standard front-wheel brake on all but a few－odd models.
Ford has led tbe way.
They've been fitting disks on all cars ordered with power brakes since last year.
For '69, Chrysler is expected to do tbe same, and some GM models will follow,
among them the GTO, the 4-4-2, the Skylark GS, and the Chevelle SS.
Popular Science,AUGUST 1968p24
Disc:
以下で記述されている。
GAD,p217 1992.10.20,グランプリ出版
DOU,S46.10.15~S63.04.30,山海堂
自動車用語辞典、SAEJ,1997.04.30
表題の当時で diskの表記が一般的であったのか、どこの時点でdiscが一般的になったのであろうか。
Grand concise English-Japanese Dictionary,2001.では
disc=diskと簡単に記述
diskの項目で
disk,discとしてその項目でより多くの記述をしている。
[Gk. diskos dish, disk;DISCの異形]
Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language,college edition
[L.discus;Gr.diskos,quoit,discus,dish,disk]
円板
1951 Crosley Hot Shot
http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z12874/Crosley-Hot-Shot.aspx
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コメント（116）
Disc-style brakes development and use began in England in the 1890s. The first caliper-type automobile disc brake was patented by Frederick William Lanchester in his Birmingham, UK factory in 1902 and used successfully on Lanchester cars.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:12
Compared to drum brakes, disc brakes offer better stopping performance, because the disc is more readily cooled. As a consequence discs are less prone to brake fade; and disc brakes recover more quickly from immersion (wet brakes are less effective). Most drum brake designs have at least one leading shoe, which gives a servo-effect.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:13
By contrast, a disc brake has no self-servo effect and its braking force is always proportional to the pressure placed on the brake pad by the braking system via any brake servo, braking pedal or lever, this tends to give the driver better "feel" to avoid impending lockup. Drums are also prone to "bell mouthing", and trap worn lining material within the assembly, both causes of various braking problems.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:13
Disc-style brakes development and use began in England in the 1890s. The first caliper-type automobile disc brake was patented by Frederick William Lanchester in his Birmingham factory in 1902 and used successfully on Lanchester cars.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:16
However, the limited choice of metals in this period meant that he had to use copper as the braking medium acting on the disc. The poor state of the roads at this time, no more than dusty, rough tracks, meant that the copper wore quickly, making the disc brake system non-viable (as recorded in The Lanchester Legacy). It took another half century for his innovation to be widely adopted.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:16
The 1950 Crosley Hot Shot is often given credit for the first U.S. production disc brakes but the Chrysler Crown Imperial actually had them first as standard equipment at the beginning of the 1949 model year.[1] The Crosley disc was a Goodyear development, a caliper type with ventilated rotor, originally designed for aircraft applications.[1]
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:17
Only the Hot Shot featured it.[1] Lack of sufficient research caused enormous reliability problems, especially in regions requiring the use of salt on winter roads, such as sticking and corrosion.[1] Drum brake conversions for Hot Shots were quite popular.[1]
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:18
The Chrysler four-wheel disc brake system was more complex and expensive than Crosley's, but far more efficient and reliable.[1] It was built by Auto Specialties Manufacturing Company (Ausco) of St. Joseph, Michigan, under patents of inventor H.L. Lambert, and was first tested on a 1939 Plymouth.[1]
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Unlike the caliper disc, the Ausco-Lambert used twin expanding discs that rubbed against the inner surface of a cast-iron brake drum, which doubled as the brake housing.[1] The discs spread apart to create friction against the inner drum surface through the action of standard wheel cylinders.[1]
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:19
Chrysler discs were "self energizing," in that some of the braking energy itself contributed to the braking effort.[1] This was accomplished by small balls set into oval holes leading to the brake surface.[1]
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:21
When the disc made initial contact with the friction surface, the balls would be forced up the holes forcing the discs further apart and augmenting the braking energy.[1] This made for lighter braking pressure than with calipers, avoided brake fade, promoted cooler running, and provided one-third more friction surface than standard Chrysler twelve-inch drums.[1]
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:21
But because of the expense, the brakes were only standard on the Chrysler Crown Imperial through 1954 and the Town and Country Newport in 1950.[1] They were optional, however, on other Chryslers, priced around $400, at a time when an entire Crosley Hot Shot retailed for $935.[1] Today's owners consider the Ausco-Lambert very reliable and powerful, but admit its grabbiness and sensitivity.[1]
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:22
Reliable caliper-type disc brakes were developed in the UK by Dunlop and first appeared in 1953 on the Jaguar C-Type racing car. The 1955 Citro??n DS featuring powered inboard front disc brakes was the first French application of this technology, while the 1956 Triumph TR3 was the first English production car to feature modern disc brakes.[2] The first production car to have disc brakes at all 4 wheels was the Austin-Healey 100S in 1954.[3]
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:23
The first British company to market a production saloon (US: sedan) fitted with disc brakes to all four wheels was Jensen Motors with the introduction of a Deluxe version of the Jensen 541 with Dunlop disc brakes.[4] The first German production car with disc brakes was the 1961 Mercedes-Benz 220SE coupe featuring British-built Girling units on the front.[5][6] The next American production automobile equipped with caliper-type disc brakes was the 1963 model year Studebaker Avanti[7]
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:24
(the Bendix system optional on some of the other Studebaker models[8]). Front disc brakes became standard equipment in 1965 on the Rambler Marlin[9] (the Bendix units were optional on all American Motors "senior" platform models[10]), the Ford Thunderbird,[11] and the Lincoln Continental.[12] A four-wheel disc brake system was also introduced in 1965 on the Chevrolet Corvette Stingray.[13]
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:25
Many early implementations for automobiles located the brakes on the inboard side of the driveshaft, near the differential, but most brakes today are located inside the road wheels. (An inboard location reduces the unsprung weight and eliminates a source of heat transfer to the tires.)
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:26
Disc brakes were most popular on sports cars when they were first introduced, since these vehicles are more demanding about brake performance. Discs have now become the more common form in most passenger vehicles, although many (particularly light weight vehicles) use drum brakes on the rear wheels to keep costs and weight down as well as to simplify the provisions for a parking brake. As the front brakes perform most of the braking effort, this can be a reasonable compromise.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:27
The first motorcycles to use disc brakes were racing vehicles. The first mass-produced road-going motorcycle to sport a disc-brake was the 1969 Honda CB750. Disc brakes are now common on motorcycles, mopeds and even mountain bikes.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:28
Historically, brake discs were manufactured throughout the world with a strong concentration in Europe and America. Between 1989 and 2005, manufacturing of brake discs migrated predominantly to China.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:29
Patents[edit]
GB 190226407 Lanchester Frederick William Improvements in the Brake Mechanism of Power-propelled Road Vehicles 1903-10-15
US 1721370 Boughton Edward Bishop Brake for use on vehicles 1929-07-16
GB 365069 Rubury John Meredith Improvements in control gear for hydraulically operated devices and particularly brakes for vehicles 1932-01-06
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:32
GB 377478 Hall Frederick Harold Improvements in wheel cylinders for hydraulic brakes 1932-07-28
US 1954534 Norton Raymond J. Brake 1934-04-10
US 1959049 Buus Niels Peter Valdemar Friction Brake 1934-05-15
US 2028488 Avery William Leicester Brake 1936-02-21
US 2084216 Poage Robert A. and Poage Marlin Z. V-type brake for motor vehicles 1937-06-15
US 2140752 La Brie Brake 1938-12-20
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:33
DE 695921 Borgwar Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Antriebsvorrichtung mit hydraulischem Gestaenge... 1940-09-06
US 2366093 Forbes Joseph A. Brake 1944-12-26
US 2375855 Lambert Homer T. Multiple disk brake 1945-05-15
US 2405219 Lambert Homer T. Disk brake 1946-08-06
US 2416091 Fitch Fluid pressure control mechanism 1947-02-12
US 2466990 Johnson Wade C, Trishman Harry A, Stratton Edgar H. Single disk brake 1949-04-12
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:34
US 2485032 Bryant Brake apparatus 1949-10-08
US 2544849 Martin Hydraulic brake automatic adjuster 1951-03-13
US 2591793 Dubois Device for adjusting the return travel of fluid actuated means 1952-04-08
US 2746575 Kinchin Disc brakes for road and other vehicles 1956-05-22.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:35
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Langworth, Richard M. (1994). Chrysler
and Imperial: The Postwar Years. Motorbooks International. ISBN 0-87938-034-9.
Jump up ^ "What makes a classic car?". Classic Car. Auto Lemon.
Retrieved 2006-05-20.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, Mike (1991). A to Z of Sports Cars 1945–1990. Bay
View Books. ISBN 978-1-870979-81-8.
Jump up ^ October 17. The Motor. 1956.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:36
^ Slade, Tim (2004). Original Mercedes-Benz Coupes and Cabriolets and V-8 Sedans 1960–1972. MBI Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7603-1952-9. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
Jump up ^ Adler, Dennis (2008). Mercedes-Benz. MBI Publishing. p. 167.
ISBN 978-0-7603-3372-3. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
Jump up ^ "The Avanti — Born in Palm Springs". Point Happy Interactive.
Retrieved 2010-11-11.
Jump up ^ Auto Editors ofConsumer Guide (2007-12-17). "1963–1964
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:37
Studebaker Avanti". auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (2007-10-26). "Introduction to
the 1965–1967 AMC Marlin". auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "What's new at American Motors". Popular Science 185 (4):
90–91. October 1964. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
Jump up ^ Long, Brian (2007). The Book of the Ford Thunderbird from
1954. Veloce Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-904788-47-8. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:38
^ Auto Editors ofConsumer Guide (2007-11-27). "1964–1965 Lincoln Continental". auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (2007-06-06). "1965
Corvette". auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Introduction to Gray Cast Iron Brake Rotor Metallurgy".
SAE. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
Jump up
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:41
^ Sutherland, Howard (2004). Sutherland's Handbook for Bicycle
Mechanics Chapter 11 - Brakes (7th ed.). Sutherland's Bicycle Shop Aids, Inc. p. 13. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
^ Ganaway, Gary (2002-01-28). "Air Disc Brake Production, Use & Performance". NDIA Tactical Wheeled Vehicles Conference, Monterey California. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
Jump up ^ Henry, Alan (1985). Brabham, the Grand Prix Cars. Osprey.
p. 163. ISBN 978-0-905138-36-7.
Jump up ^
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:43
M. Mavrigian (1998) "Brake Systems: OEM & Racing Brake
Technology", p 81. ISBN 1-55788-281-9
^ Fred Puhn (1985) "Brake Handbook", p. 31. ISBN 0-89586-232-8
^ http://www.stoptech.com/technical-support/technical-white-papers/-warped-brake-disc-and-other-myths
Jump up ^ Abdelahamid, M.K. (1997), "Brake judder analysis: Case studies",
SAE, Technical Paper Series, no. 972027.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:44
^ de Vries, A. et al. (1992), "The brake judder phenomenon", SAE Technical Paper Series, no. 920554.
^ Jump up to: a b Engel, G.H. et al. (1994), "System approach to brake judder",
SAE Technical Paper Series, no. 945041.
Jump up ^ Gassmann, S. et al. (1993), "Excitation and transfer mechanism of
brake judder", SAE Technical Paper Series, no. 931880.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:45
^ Jacobsson, H. (1996), "High speed disc brake judder – the influence of passing through critical speed", In EuroMech – 2nd European Nonlinear Ocillation Conference, Prague, no. 2, pp. 75–78.
Jump up ^ Jacobsson, H. (1997), "Wheel suspension related disc brake
judder", ASME, no. DETC97/VIB-4165, pp. 1–10.
Jump up ^ Jacobsson, H. (1998), "Frequency Sweep Approach to Brake
Judder, Licentiate of engineering", Chalmers University of Technology Sweden.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:46
^ Jacobsson, H. (1999), SAE Technical Paper Series, no. 1999-01-1779, pp. 1–14.
Jump up ^ Stringham, W. et al. (1993), "Brake roughness – disc brake
torque variation", disc distortion and vehicle response, SAE Technical Paper Series, no. 930803.
Jump up ^ Thoms, E. (1988), "Disc brakes for heavy vehicles", IMechE, pp.
133–137.
Jump up ^ Anderson, E., et al. (1990), "Hot spotting in automotive friction
systems", Wear, v. 135, pp. 319–337.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:47
Barber, R., J. et al. (1985), "Implications of thermoelastic instabilities for the design of brakes", J. Tribology, v. 107, pp. 206–210.
Jump up ^ Inoue, H. (1986), Analysis of brake judder caused by thermal
deformation of brake discs, SAE Technical Paper Series, no. 865131.
^ Jump up to: a b Rhee, K.S. et al. (1989), "Friction–induced noise and vibration
of disc brakes", Wear, v. 133, pp. 39–45.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:47
J. Slavi??, M.D. Bryant and M. Bolte??ar (2007), "A new approach to roughness-induced vibrations on a slider.", J. Sound and Vibration, Vol. 306, Issues 3–5, 9 October 2007, pp. 732–750.
Jump up ^ Kim, M.-G. et al. (1996), "Sensitivity analysis of chassis system to
improve shimmy and brake judder vibration on the steering wheel", SAE Technical Paper Series, no. 960734.
Jump up ^ http://www.ebcbrakes.com/automotive_product_news/
brakes_dust.shtml
2013/10/8(火) 午後 3:48
26,407. Lanchester, F. W. Dec. 1. Motor road vehicles. -Comprises a form of brake for powerpropelled road vehicles, in which a metal disc or other element carried by the wheel hub is subjected to the action of a pair of gripping - jaws. Fig. 2 shows the brake in side elevation.
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A metal disc a is secured to the roadwheel hub, and on each side of it are the jaws c, d. The jaw d is at one end of a lever e, which is held to the fixed casing i by a plate f and a link h. The lever e is forked, and between its two branches is lodged a lever m which has at one end the other jaw c. The jaws are caused to grip the disc by a pull exerted on the lever m by the bar p.
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Pneumatic disc brake device for railroad vehicle
WO 2010131699 A1
http://www.google.com/patents/WO2010131699A1?cl=en
2013/10/8(火) 午後 4:06
US 5332067 (granted patent)
Disk-brake pad device especially with a carbon-carbon lining
http://www.patentlens.net/patentlens/patents.html?patnums=US_5332067&returnTo=quick.html
2013/10/8(火) 午後 4:19
Claims
In a disk-brake pad device including a lining pad for mounting on a caliper and having at least one lining pad-positioning surface, from which emerges at least one lining pad-actuating piston, a front face of the piston forming a pressure face, the improvement comprising:
2013/10/8(火) 午後 4:21
a first plate element (1) of heat-insulating material, called a screen element, for location against the caliper positioning surface,
at least one second element (2) of heat-insulating material, called a spacer element, of adequate thickness, with reduce front contacts and located against the first element (1),
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and wherein said first lining pad is a carbon-carbon high-temperature friction material lining pad (3), said first element (1) comprising retaining means for retaining the lining pad (3), and at least one of the first element (1) and the second element (2) comprising fixing means engaging the pad device with the caliper, said spacer element (2) being formed...
2013/10/8(火) 午後 4:22
Abstract
A disk-brake pad device includes a carbon-carbon lining pad. The disk-brake pad device attaches the pad to the caliper. At least one pad-positioning surface of the caliper has merging therefrom at least one pad-actuating piston. A first plate element (1) of heat-insulating material, called a screen element, is located against the positioning surface.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 4:23
At least one second element (2) of heat-insulating material, called a spacer element, of adequate thickness, having reduced frontal contacts is located against the first element (1). A carbon-carbon lining pad (3) of high-temperature friction material is located against the second element (2). The first element (1) and/or the second element (2) acts to retain the lining pad (3) and to fix the first element and/or the second element to the caliper.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 4:24
Disk brake with improved recoil
US 5749445 A
要約書
A disk brake for use in a vehicle. The disk brake has a caliper (1) which straddles a disk (2) and a carrier (3) which is fixed to a stationary member on the vehicle. A cylinder (4) secured to the caliper (1) has a bore (4a) which is closed by a piston
http://www.google.cl/patents/US5749445
2013/10/8(火) 午後 4:27
(50). The carrier (3) has at least one guide pin (6,7) which extends into a blind bore (8,9) in the caliper (1). On communication of hydraulic fluid to bore (4a) the piston (5) and caliper (1) respectively move friction pads (10,11) into engagement with the disk (2) to effect a brake application. The guide pin (6,7) and blind bore (8,9) are defined with respect to the cylinder
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(4) such on movement of the cylinder by the hydraulic fluid to effect the brake application, air is compressed between the end (6a,7a) of the guide pin (6,7) and the bottom (8p,9p) of the blind bore (8,9). On termination of the brake application, the compressed air expands to move the caliper (1) to a rest position.
2013/10/8(火) 午後 4:28
さすがに、
1961年に国内で発行(print)された米出版の修理資料では
ライニング・ベースでパッドはみかけない。
自動車でのDisk(Disc)の搭載状況も資料をみかたら順次記録しておきたい。
2013/10/8(火) 午後 8:26
初搭載車種 1968 S800M
1960 ディスクブレーキ
http://www.honda.co.jp/safety/technology/active/popup/1960-disc/
初搭載車種 1968 S800M
前輪に安定した制動力を発揮するディスクブレーキを採用。放熱性などに優れたディスクブレーキは、現在も乗用車のフロントブレーキの主流となっています。
2013/10/8(火) 午後 8:35
[PDF]
自動車用液圧ブレーキ技術の系統化調査 - 国立科学博物館産業技
http://sts.kahaku.go.jp/diversity/document/system/pdf/057.pdf
2013/10/8(火) 午後 9:21
History
Disc-style brakes development and use began in England in the 1890s. The first caliper-type automobile disc brake was patented by Frederick William Lanchester in his Birmingham, UK factory in 1902 and used successfully on Lanchester cars.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 0:26
However, the limited choice of metals in this period, meant that he had to use copper as the braking medium acting on the disc. The poor state of the roads at this time, no more than dusty, rough tracks, meant that the copper wore quickly making the disc brake system non-viable (as recorded in The Lanchester Legacy). It took another half century for his innovation to be widely adopted.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 0:27
http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Disc_brake.html
2013/10/9(水) 午後 0:28
The Disc
As the vehicles spilled out the assembly plants, they started becoming both faster and heavier. Hydraulic drum based brakes were effective, but they had a tendency to ineffectively distribute heat. This feature made room for the creation of the disc braking system.
⌕
2013/10/9(水) 午後 0:31
Even if it came to be, basically, at around the same time with the drum brake system, the disc had to go a long way before getting a place in the spotlight. First patented in 1902 by William Lanchester, the disc became popular in the 1950s.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 0:31
Using the disc brake in conjunction with Loughead hydraulics, Chrysler became the first manufacturer to implement the system on its vehicles (Imperial). In Europe, the system was adopted by Jaguar (C-Type) and Citroen (DS).
Still, the system was dropped for a few years in the US, as it still required some significant effort from the driver to operate it. It was only in 1964 when it made its final comeback, featured on the Studebacker Avanti. This time it succeeded.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 0:32
The difference was made by the development of the power braking system. By assisting the movement of the piston in the master cylinder, the driver no longer had to apply as much pressure to get the car to stop effectively.
http://www.autoevolution.com/news/braking-systems-history-6933.html
2013/10/9(水) 午後 0:34
Brakes
Car brakes are based on the conversion of kinetic (motion) energy into other forms of energy, usually heat.
Other, more recent methods include converting the kinetic energy into electrical and potential energy. See Part 2, Section 6.1.7 (Brakes) for further information.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:21
There are reports of one early car braking system dropping a spike to dig into to the road when a lever was operated.
Prior to the introduction of pneumatic rubber tires in 1895 the rims of car wheels were initially made of iron and, from the mid 1800s, either steel rimmed or lined with solid rubber.
The first solid rubber tires were manufactured in 1846 and were initially fitted to carriages and steam powered vehicles.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:22
On iron or steel rimmed vehicles the driver typically pulled a lever to apply a block of wood to the wheel’s rim. What material was the brake block made of when solid rubber tires were first used? Steel?
This type of brake is called a “Shoe Brake”. It was reasonably effective up to 10-20 mph.
The 1885 Benz Patent-Motorwagen (featured on this site’s home page) was fitted with solid rubber tires. The upgraded 1887 chassis included a manual leather shoe brake on the rear wheels.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:23
In 1895 the Michelin Brothers, Andre and Edouard (French), produced the first pneumatic car tire, fitting them to a Peugeot “L'Eclair” motor car in the same year. What type of braking system was used?
The pneumatic tire however that could not be used with wooden shoe block brakes and a new method of braking was required.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:26
The first “external contracting brake” devices attempted to apply force by means of a steel strap or cable directly to the axle, to a drum fitted onto the axle or to the transmission shaft.
A method that became known as a contracting “Band Brake” (sometimes referred to as an external drum brake) was employed during the late 1890s and early 1900s.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:28
A typically band brake consisted of a flexible metal band that was lined with friction material and wrapped around a drum attached around the car’s rear axle or, in some circumstances to a wheel’s hub.
The band tightened around the drum to slow or stop the car when the driver depressed a foot pedal or operated a lever.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:29
An early method included the use of a wooden block inside a flexible contracting metal band.
Metal bands lined with lead, cotton and camel hair were also tried.
Another early device used strips of leather wrapped around one of the wheel hubs, which would, when a lever was pulled, tighten around the hub to slow the vehicle down.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:30
This “wrap-around brake” performed poorly, if at all, when wet.
The disadvantages of these early band brake systems were:
No protection from the elements and they suffered from a build up of dirt.
Excessive wear to both the drum and the band. Maintenance every 200-250 miles (320-400 klm) was not uncommon.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:31
The band brake did not operate when the car was in reverse. Why not?
Herbert Frood (British) is credited with inventing the first brake lining material in 1897; founding the Ferodo Company in the same year.
Frood’s original brake lining material was made from laminated hair and bitumen.
On an 1897 Roberts electric car (USA) leather-lined brakes were installed inside the housings of the two 2hp motors.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:34
In 1898, Elmer Ambrose Sperry (American) designed an electric car that had electromagnet front-wheel disc brakes.
He fitted a large disc onto the hub of each of the two front wheels and electromagnets pressed smaller discs lined with a friction material against spots on the large rotating discs to stop the car.
Springs retracted the spot discs when current was interrupted. How were the brakes applied? A switch connected to a foot or hand brake?
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:35
In 1899 Gottlieb Daimler (German) wrapped a cable around a drum and anchored it to the chassis.
The forward motion of the car tightened the cable, making it easier for the driver to pull the brake lever. It was the first, if basic application, of servo assisted braking.
In 1901 Wilhelm Maybach (German) designed the first internal drum brake.
Maybach’s brake drum used rollers to press a ring of friction material against the inside of a drum fitted on the rear axle.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:36
It was used on the Mercedes Simplex 40hp model (1902-09); the main hand brake acting on the drum brake with a secondary foot brake acting on the chain drive’s intermediate drive shaft. Was it used on other Mercedes models?
A water sprinkling system cooled the hot zones of both brake systems when the brakes were applied.
In 1902 Louis Renault (French) designed an internal drum brake that the modern version is based upon.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:45
Renault’s drum brake used two curved shoes (pads) fixed to a back plate with each pivoted at one end. The other ends rested on a cam.
When the brake pedal was pressed, the cam forced the shoes apart and against the inside of the drum.
In 1902 Ransom E. Olds (American) produced an external drum brake by wrapping a stainless steel band around a drum fitted on a car’s rear axle.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:46
On 1 December 1902 Frederick Lanchester (British) submitted an application for a patent for non-electric caliper-type automobile spot disc brake system.
“This invention relates to an improved form of brake mechanism for power propelled vehicles and refers more particularly to an improved construction of road wheel brake”.
Fredrick Lanchester was granted patent GB 190226407 on 15 October 1903.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:47
The brake pads were made of copper and the intense noise created by the metal-to-metal contact when the brakes were applied was a major problem.
The copper brake pads also wore out much too quickly.
In 1907 Herbert Frood (British) solved the noise problem when he lined the brake pads with asbestos that was woven into a loose fabric and impregnated with high melting point resin and varnish.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:48
The new asbestos pads were also more durable and had a much longer life than the copper ones, achieving up to 9,000 miles (15,000 klm).
At the turn of the 2oth century roads were very crude and dirty and “internal” drum brakes kept out water and materials that could damage disc brakes.
More importantly “internal” drum brakes required drivers to apply less pressure on the pedal compared to the early disc brakes.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:54
This was especially relevant prior to the introduction of hydraulic and power brake systems.
For a combination of reasons it wasn’t until the late 1940s/early 1950s that car manufacturers started to fit disc brakes.
Note 1: When brake pads (“shoes”) press on the outside of the drum the method is sometimes referred to as a “clasp brake”.
Note 2: When a drum is pinched between two brake pads it is sometimes referred to as a "pinch drum brake".
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:55
Power assisted brakes were first employed in 1903 when air brakes were fitted to a car called the Tincher that was developed by Thomas L Tincher (American).
In 1903 four-wheel brakes were fitted to the Dutch Spiker 60/80 HP model.
For further information on the history of brakes see Part 2, The Last 100 Years, Section 6.1 (Brakes).
http://www.carhistory4u.com/the-early-history/other-parts-of-the-car/disc-brakes
2013/10/9(水) 午後 2:56
As the speed of automobiles and their weight increased, better braking systems were required. The main problem with drum brakes is that the heat is not efficiently disbursed. The heat that is produced inside the drum does not escape easily since the drum prevents wind from drawing it away. However, disc brakes were open to the passing wind.
http://web.bryant.edu/~ehu/h364proj/sprg_97/dirksen/brakes.html
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:19
This allowed the heat to be carried away which increased the efficiency of the brake. It is interesting to note that disc brakes were first used in 1902. However, their use was limited up until the 1950's since their efficiency was not required and they required more pedal pressure to operate.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:21
The reason for the higher pedal pressure is that disc brakes have no self-servo effect or no self-energizing capacity that the drum brakes have. The self-servo effect is caused by the forward motion of the car.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:24
This forward motion helps pull the brake shoe into contact with the drum. This helped lower the required pedal pressure. Now that their efficiency was needed and the hydraulic brake system multiplied the force applied to the brake pedal, disc brakes seemed to be the better alternative. Chrysler was the first to widely introduce the disc brake in its cars in the early 1950's.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:25
The system did not have much success. It seemed that the brake pressure required of the driver was still a little to great for the system to gain widespread consumer acceptance and therefore it was dropped. It finally took the failing automaker Studebaker to reintroduce the system in 1964. This time it saw much more success and in a few years, disc brakes were common on most new cars.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:25
One of the reasons that disc brakes were a success with the Studebaker and not the Chrysler was due to the development of the power braking system. Power brakes became common in the 1950's, after Chrysler had developed and dropped its disc brake program.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:27
The system assisted the movement of the piston in the master cylinder which meant that the driver needed to apply less peddle pressure to get the same braking effectiveness. Therefore, since ease of braking was no longer an issue, the adoption of the more efficient disc brake became widespread.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:27
The History of Disc Brakes
http://www.smokinvette.com/corvette/articles/the-history-of-disc-brakes/
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:29
Most vehicles these days come with disc brakes on the front. Many even come with disc brakes on the back as well. However, it was not all that long ago those disc brakes were not widely available and they were typically only found on high end sports cars.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:31
Believe it or not the disc brakes have been around almost as long as the automobile has been. They were developed in the late 1890s in England and patent by a man named Frederick Lanchester and put to use in Lanchester cars in 1902. What should have been a great innovation was not as the choices of metals in those days were very limited and this forced Lanchester to go with copper for the braking part that acted on the disc itself.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:31
Because the roads were very crude at the time and consisted of little more than dirt trails, the copper proved to wear out much too quickly and just like that the disc brakes were put back on the shelf. It would be almost another 50 years before the disc brakes would begin to see some light at the end of the tunnel and begin to be implemented into certain automobiles.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:32
The first modern style disc brakes were produced in a very small number and put into the 1949 Crosley Hotshot. The design proved to be a bust and they were discontinued one year later due to design problems.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:34
At the same time Chrysler was offering its version of the disc brakes from 1949 to 1953 on their Imperial model. These brakes were greatly different however and were fully enclosed. It wasn’t until 1953 that Dunlop would change the world of braking as they came out with what was considered to be the first “reliable” disc brakes.
These reliable disc brakes began to catch on as the years rolled forward and they could be seen in a number of automobiles such as:
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:34
1953 Jaguar C-Type Racer
» 1954 Austin-Healy 100S (first model with four wheel disc brakes)
» 1955 Citroen DS
» 1956 Triumph TR3
» 1963 Studebaker Avanti (optional on other Studebaker models for the year)
» 1965 Rambler Marlin (optional on other AMC models for the year)
» 1965 C2 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray
» 1965 Ford Thunderbird
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:36
Very quickly the auto manufacturers began to see all the advantages of having disc brakes as opposed to the traditional drum brakes. Stopping distance was greatly reduced and the disc brakes performed much better in wet conditions. Disc brakes also had a much greater resistance to overheating which caused “brake fading” to take place.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:37
It wasn’t much longer before more and more models of various name plates begun coming standard with at least front wheel disc brakes. Today you would be hard pressed to find a vehicle that doesn’t at least have standard front disc brakes and many of today’s sports cars feature disc brakes on all four corners standard.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:38
Even cars that are not considered “sporty” are now coming with four wheel disc brakes as standard equipment. Though the technology had existed for some time, amazingly it took quite awhile to catch on. But catch in it did and now almost every vehicle on the road today is stopped courtesy of disc brakes.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:38
Not counting the Imperial, Chrysler produced and sold three distinct platforms in the sixties. The smallest, the A-bodies such as Valiants, Plymouth Dusters, Dodge Darts, early 'Cudas, etc., were offered with Kelsey-Hayes fixed-caliper disc brakes from 1965 through 1972. These brakes were an outgrowth of the Girling discs used successfully on Scott Harvey's 1964 Monte Carlo Rally Valiant.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:47
Original is at Restoring and tweaking 4-piston disc brakes http://www.allpar.com/history/mopar/disc-brakes.html#ixzz2hClGkvnl
Follow us: @allparcom on Twitter | allparcom on Facebook
http://www.allpar.com/history/mopar/disc-brakes.html
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:47
INSTALLING DISC BRAKES on the 1961 CADILLAC
by Carl McAbee, courtesy CaddyDaddy.com
http://pnwprocars.weebly.com/1961-disc-brake-install.html
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:57
Upgrading to disc brakes generally is not difficult for anyone with reasonable mechanical ability and can be very rewarding for those of us who prefer to actually drive cars that preceded the availability of disc brakes by a few years, ie, generally cars of the early 1960's. I have made the swap on four different vehicles and can say I'm glad I did.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:59
One of them, a 1964 Chevelle, has gone over 300,000 miles since the discs were installed with nothing more than one replacement booster, a few pads and an occasional bleeding.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 3:59
The brand’s greatest innovations have been in vehicle braking and In 1962, Bendix?? supplied the first four-wheel disc brakes for a U.S. production car – the high performance Studebaker Avanti
http://www.bendixbrakes.com/company/
2013/10/9(水) 午後 4:08
In 1967, dual-braking master cylinders pioneered by Bendix became standard equipment on all U.S. cars. That same year, Bendix reached a milestone when it manufactured its 200-millionth automotive brake shoe.
http://www.bendixbrakes.com/company/
2013/10/9(水) 午後 4:10
1988 Honda RTL250S Disc brakes
http://honda-trials.blogspot.jp/2010/03/1988-honda-rtl250s-disc-brakes.html
2013/10/9(水) 午後 4:19
The four-wheel disc brakes weren't very big, but they didn't need to be on this car.
Pop-Up Headlights (1990-1997)
http://www.edmunds.com/mazda/mx-5-miata/history.html
2013/10/9(水) 午後 4:23
XK120C
Le Mans 1953: Jaguar’s gigantic leap
Paul Fearnley
Jaguar was nicely low-key at Le Mans in 1953. It had panicked the year before and radically altered its cars at the last minute, paid a heavy price for it and learned an important lesson.
http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/race/sports-cars/le-mans/le-mans-1953-jaguars-gigantic-leap/
2013/10/9(水) 午後 4:34
This time around it had pushed the plane out by grabbing an air lift from Lydd to Le Touquet, but otherwise all looked remarkably familiar: a handful of mechanics, overseen by ‘Lofty’ England, tending three XK120Cs seemingly identical to its 1951 winner.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 4:35
Another Mustang option introduced in April of 1965 was the GT equipment group. Available only with one of the two four barrel engines, the GT group included five-dial instrumentation, disc brakes, larger sway bars, quicker steering ratio, dual exhaust which exited through the rear valance panel, grill mounted foglights, and special lower body side stripes. A total of 559,451 Mustangs were produced for the 1965 model year.
http://classicponycars.com/history.html
2013/10/9(水) 午後 4:59
History of the Ford Mustang
http://classicponycars.com/history.html
2013/10/9(水) 午後 5:43
1961 – 1967
Production of Austin Se7en Cooper, Austin and Morris Mini-Cooper 997cc
Details: Introduction of front disc brakes. Fitted with a close ratio gearbox. Austin version had 11 grille slats whereas the Morris Cooper had 7 although both included a contrasting roof colour.
Engine size: 997cc
Original price: ￡679
http://www.miniworld.co.uk/the-scene/new-to-minis/79-history-of-the-mini
2013/10/9(水) 午後 5:46
First disc brakes on an American car,
http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z12874/Crosley-Hot-Shot.aspx
1951 Crosley Hot Shot news, pictures, and information
This was America's first post war production sports car and less than 2,000 examples were produced between 1949 and 1952. First disc brakes on an American car,
2013/10/9(水) 午後 5:51
First low priced overhead cam engine, a Crosley Hotshot won the first race at Sebring (index of performance). Probably less than 300 Hotshots were produced in 1951 with less than 2 dozen remaining survivors.
This is a 'by owner' restoration completed in 2002 after a 2 year project by its current owner.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 5:53
The car was purchased from a family who had owned it since 1954 and had set outside for over 40 years. It has received several awards including 2005 and 2008 Champion Roadster at the Crosley National Show in Wauseon, Ohio; 22 class winners and 3 best of show awards.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 5:53
米、量産車初？と記述の
1951 Crosley？
さて、他にもその候補はどれだろうか？
http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z12874/Crosley-Hot-Shot.aspx
2013/10/9(水) 午後 5:58
The 1965 Corvette came with four-wheel disc brakes and a "big block" engine option. It included what became a common Corvette feature: retractable headlamps.
Read more: http://www.businessinsider.com/60-years-of-corvette-history-photos-2013-1?op=1#ixzz2hDMWOY1m
http://www.businessinsider.com/60-years-of-corvette-history-photos-2013-1?op=1
2013/10/9(水) 午後 6:16
http://static4.businessinsider.com/image/50f9c8b46bb3f78e3e000010-1200/the-1965-corvette-came-with-four-wheel-disc-brakes-and-a-big-block-engine-option-it-included-what-became-a-common-corvette-feature-retractable-headlamps.jpg
2013/10/9(水) 午後 6:17
In March 1959 the Austin Healey 3000 was introduced. The
3000 is also known as the "Big Healey". The 3000 is a evolution of the 100/6 model. The engine was given a larger cylinder capacity of 2912 cc. and the 3000 was fitted with disc brakes at the front wheels. This first Austin Healey 3000 is currently known as the 3000 MK I model.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 6:33
disc brakes
http://www.classicargarage.com/english/garages/history/healey-histo.htm
2013/10/9(水) 午後 6:35
1966 August--Type III-inspired 1500cc engine, rear "z" bar, wider rear track and "softer" rear "spring" rate. Front disc brakes. Four bolt wheels. Dual brake circuits. Final drive ratio lowers engine rpm for relaxed cruising. Twelve-volt electric system. Faux-wood dash fascia (mask) with dashboard knee pads sports mini Ghia script.
2013/10/9(水) 午後 6:47
Large speedometer flanked by smaller gauges. Round, dash-mounted, fresh-air control knobs replace former levers below dash. Door locks now have buttons on door tops.
Read more: http://www.vwtrendsweb.com/features/0110vwt_volkswagen_karmann_ghia_history/#ixzz2hDUR5rIX
http://www.vwtrendsweb.com/features/0110vwt_volkswagen_karmann_ghia_history/
2013/10/9(水) 午後 6:47
1985 - MICO, Inc. announces the acquisition of Sy-Tec, Inc. a manufacturer of mobile and industrial multiple disc brakes, clutches, and associated products. MICO West (ALMICO, Inc.) moves to a new and much larger facility in Ontario, CA.
http://www.mico.com/history
2013/10/9(水) 午後 8:45